Definition

A concussion is defined as a change in brain function (speech, memory, concentration, coordination, etc.) following a direct or indirect impact to the head.

A direct impact occurs when the head comes into contact with another person or an environmental object. An indirect impact occurs when a force to the face or body causes a sudden, rapid movement of the head.

 

Signs and Symptoms

A concussion can cause a variety of non-specific symptoms. Each symptom should be taken seriously. It is incorrect to assume that a concussion only occurs with a loss of consciousness.

Mental Issues	Athlete Complaints	Other Problems
Disorientation (time, place, space)	Confusion	Memory problems
Loss of consciousness	Headache	Dizziness
	Feeling dazed	Seeing flashes of light/stars
	Ringing in the ears	Sleep disturbances
	Blurred/double vision	Nausea, vomiting
	Decreased performance	Decreased coordination
	Speech difficulties	Emotional changes
	Concentration difficulties

 

Immediate Response

• The athlete must stop playing immediately; continuing increases the risk of worsening symptoms or more severe injury.
• The athlete must inform a coach, therapist, or parent—never remain unsupervised after the incident.
• The athlete should see a physician or therapist as soon as possible.

 

Recovery Time

• Symptoms typically last 7 to 10 days.
• The athlete should never return to play while still symptomatic. Clearance from the medical team is mandatory for safety.

 

Treatment

• Complete rest until symptoms fully resolve. Both physical and cognitive activity (e.g., reading, schoolwork, video games) can worsen symptoms.

 

Return to Play Protocol

Gradual return to physical activity should only begin once the athlete is symptom-free. The return-to-play process is stepwise, with at least 24 hours between stages. If symptoms reappear, the athlete should return to the previous step and wait at least 24 hours after symptoms fully disappear before continuing rehabilitation, which typically takes a minimum of 7 days.

1. Complete rest until symptoms disappear
2. Light exercise 10–15 minutes (walking / cycling)
3. Sport-specific activity 20–30 minutes without contact (e.g., skating for hockey, running for football)
4. Non-contact training on the field (e.g., with ball or drills)
5. Full-contact training on the field (only with clearance from a physician or team therapist)

 

Other Important Information

• Avoid alcohol.
• Do not take sleep medications without medical advice.
• Do not drive.
• Always consult a medical specialist before taking any medication.